The Canadian Paediatric Society says doctors should regularly screen children for reading difficulties and dyslexia, calling low literacy a "serious public-health concern" that can increase the risk of other problems including anxiety, low self-esteem and behavioural issues, with lifelong consequences.
New guidance issued Wednesday says family doctors, nurses, pediatricians and other medical professionals who care for school-aged kids are in a unique position to help struggling readers access educational and specialty supports, noting that identifying problems early could help kids sooner — when it’s more effective — as well as reveal other possible learning or developmental issues.
The 10 recommendations include regular screening for kids aged four to seven, especially if they belong to groups at higher risk of low literacy, including newcomers to Canada, racialized Canadians and Indigenous Peoples. The society says this can be done in a two-to-three-minute office-based assessment.
Other tips encourage doctors to look for conditions often seen among poor readers such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; to advocate for early literacy training for pediatric and family medicine residents; to liaise with schools on behalf of families seeking help; and to push provincial and territorial education ministries to integrate evidence-based phonics instruction into curriculums, starting in kindergarten.
Dr. Scott McLeod, one of the authors and chair of the society's mental health and developmental disabilities committee, said a key goal is to catch kids who may be falling through the cracks and to better connect families to resources, including quicker targeted help from schools.
"Collaboration in this area is so key because we need to move away from the silos of: everything educational must exist within the educational portfolio,” McLeod said in an interview from Calgary, where he is a developmental pediatrician at Alberta Children's Hospital.
“Reading, yes, it's education, but it's also health because we know that literacy impacts health. So I think that a statement like this opens the window to say: Yes, parents can come to their health-care provider to get advice, get recommendations, hopefully start a collaboration with school teachers."
McLeod noted that pediatricians already look for signs of low literacy in young children by way of a commonly used tool known as the Rourke Baby Record, which offers a checklist of key topics, such as nutrition and developmental benchmarks, to cover in a well-child appointment.
But he said questions about reading could be "a standing item" in checkups and he hoped the society's statement to medical professionals who care for children "enhances their confidence in being a strong advocate for the child" while spurring partnerships with others involved in a child's life such as teachers and psychologists.
The guidance said pediatricians also play a key role in detecting and monitoring conditions that often coexist with difficulty reading such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, but McLeod noted that getting such specific diagnoses typically involves a referral to a specialist, during which time a child continues to struggle.
He also acknowledged that some schools can be slow to act without a specific diagnosis from a specialist, and even then a child may end up on a wait list for school interventions.
"Evidence-based reading instruction shouldn't have to wait," he said.
"My hope is that (by) having an existing statement or document written by the Canadian Paediatric Society ... we're able to skip a few steps," he said, adding, however, that obtaining specific assessments from medical specialists is "definitely beneficial and advantageous" to know where a child is at.
Evidence-based instruction refers to systematic phonics instruction, which the society says yields better results than non-phonics approaches such as “whole language” or “balanced literacy” theories included in many provincial curriculums, said Nina Jobanputra Shukla of the Canadian Children's Literacy Foundation.
Phonemic awareness "is the ability to recognize and manipulate the smallest units of speech sounds in words," such as the way the sounds indicated by letters "s," "a" and "t" combine to form the word "sat," the guidelines explain.
Shukla is director of the foundation’s Early Words program, which gives health-care providers strategies to pass on to families and young patients who need to strengthen their literacy skills.
“One of the challenges is that if you speak to many elementary school teachers, this sort of explicit, systematic phonemic awareness and phonics instruction was not taught in their curriculum when they were in teachers college,” said Shukla.
That tide is shifting in provinces including Ontario, where efforts are underway on a “back to basics” overhaul. Ontario is expected to introduce a new kindergarten curriculum that would place more emphasis on phonics in time for the 2025/26 school year.
McLeod said the society was partly spurred to act by 2022's "Right to Read Inquiry Report" from the Ontario Human Rights Commission, which made 157 recommendations to address inequities related to reading instruction in that province.
He called the new guidelines "a big reminder" to pediatric providers, family doctors, school teachers and psychologists of the importance of literacy.
"Early identification of reading difficulty can truly change the trajectory of a child's life."
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Oct. 23, 2024.
Cassandra Szklarski, The Canadian Press