WASHINGTON — The Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank have taken large steps this week to try to calm financial markets and restore some degree of confidence. So far, it hasn't quite worked. The central banks are facing a crisis only partly responsive to the medicine they can provide.
On Friday, the Fed accelerated its bond purchases to address ongoing disruptions in the Treasury bond market, the largest and one of the most important financial markets in the world.
The Fed said that it will purchase about $37 billion of Treasurys on Friday, out of the $80 billion it plans to buy over the next month.
"These purchases are intended to address highly unusual disruptions in the market for Treasury securities associated with the coronavirus outbreak," the New York Fed said.
The yield on the 10-year Treasury bond rose Friday to 0.9%, its highest level since March 5. That's an unusual move, because bond yields typically decline when stock prices plummet, as they have this week, as investors seek the safety of Treasury bonds. That raises their price but lowers their yield.
Guy LeBas, chief fixed income strategist at Janney, said that many large banks are saddled with huge holdings of Treasury securities and likely want to unload them to free up cash for their corporate clients. There may not be enough buyers, forcing yields higher.
Large corporations are increasingly drawing down credit lines at banks amid the economic turmoil from the coronavirus. The Fed's purchases could help the bond market function more smoothly.
Still, the primary tools of central banks — lower interest rates and easier access to credit — aren't well-suited to address a crisis caused by a pandemic that has frightened consumers away from
On Thursday, the Fed unveiled a massive short-term lending program to try to help smooth trading in U.S. Treasurys. Through the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, it will provide at least $1.5 trillion on Thursday and Friday for banks that are willing to swap short-term Treasury securities for cash. An additional $500 billion will be made available Monday.
The program will continue at about $1 trillion per week after that. The lending won't all be cumulative. The loans will be paid back after one and three months.
And not all the money will necessarily be lent. It depends how much banks decide to borrow against the available funds.
The Fed also said it will broaden its $80 billion Treasury purchase program, launched last fall, from just short-term bills to all maturities, including 30-year bonds.
The market for the 10-year bond affects the broader economy because it influences borrowing rates for homes, credit cards, and other interest rates in the U.S. and overseas. Because investors are confident the U.S. government would never default on its debt, the bonds issued by the government are used to price every other asset. The U.S. government debt market is the largest single pool of investment assets in the world.
“When that has some disruptions, watch out, that's really worrisome," said Kathy Bostjancic, chief U.S. financial economist at Oxford Economics.
Given the scope of the Fed's action Thursday, many economists now expect the Fed to slash its benchmark interest rate by a full percentage point, to nearly zero, at its policy meeting next week. It may even launch a large bond-buying program intended to further lower interest rates. This would be similar to programs the Fed undertook during and after the financial crisis that were dubbed “quantitative easing.”
Still, the reaction in the markets suggested little faith that the Fed's moves would do much to restore the confidence of investors and consumers in the face of travel disruptions, event cancellations and business closures. Some analysts said that governments in the U.S. and Europe needed to do more through tax and spending policies.
"What the Fed did (Thursday) is not enough — it needs a partner,” said Diane Swonk, chief economist at Grant Thornton. “The Fed cannot do this alone.”
Earlier Thursday, the ECB deployed targeted new stimulus measures to cushion the shock to the economy from the virus outbreak. But Christine Lagarde, the ECB's president, said that monetary policy couldn't do it alone and called for a "decisive and determined” response from governments. Lagarde said the economy was facing a “major shock” and that the central bank measures unveiled Thursday were “almost surgically” aimed only at areas where monetary policy might help.
More than a decade ago, central banks around the world slashed rates and began pumping trillions of dollars into banks to combat a global financial crisis. The coronavirus is presenting them with a very different challenge. The central banks in the U.S., the eurozone, Canada and Britain have all deployed stimulus. The Bank of Japan is
Authorities are putting major economies, businesses and travel on lock down around the world, dimming prospects for the global economy. Consumers are starting to cut back on their spending in the U.S. and around the world.
Europe's top monetary authority didn't cut rates as investors had hoped — evidence that monetary policy is running low on ammunition with rates already very low. The ECB's key policy rate on bank deposits is already at a record-low minus 0.6%.
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AP Business Writers David McHugh in Frankfurt, Germany, and Ken Sweet in New York contributed to this report.
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This story has been corrected to read that the Fed said that it will purchase about $37 billion of Treasurys on Friday, not $33 billion.
Christopher Rugaber, The Associated Press